Quercus robur is a large deciduous oak belonging to the Fagaceae family. Native to central and western Europe, it is one of the continent’s most iconic and long-lived tree species, often surpassing 500 years of age.

It has a majestic and imposing form, developing a strong, straight trunk in its early decades, which gradually branches into a wide, spreading, and irregular crown with age. Under ideal conditions, it can reach a height of 35–40 meters, with a similar spread. The bark is smooth and gray when young, becoming deeply fissured and rugged over time, giving it a gnarled, rustic appearance.

The leaves are simple, oblong or obovate, with rounded lobes and short petioles. The upper surface is dark green, while the underside is lighter. In autumn, they turn yellow-brown before falling.

Flowering is inconspicuous and occurs in April–May, with unisexual flowers: the male flowers in pendulous catkins, and the smaller female flowers more discreetly located. Fruiting results in the characteristic oblong acorns, which ripen in autumn and serve as a vital food source for many species of wildlife.

Quercus robur is a hardy and highly adaptable tree. It prefers fresh, deep, and well-drained soils but can also tolerate clayey or temporarily wet conditions. It thrives in full sun or partial shade and withstands cold (down to –30 °C), wind, and harsh weather conditions.

Ecologically, it plays a key role in supporting biodiversity, providing shelter and nourishment for hundreds of insects, birds, and mammals. The wood is heavy, durable, and highly valued—used in carpentry, construction, cooperage, and shipbuilding.

It is used both in landscaping (parks, avenues, monumental trees) and in reforestation.

→ Discover Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata Koster’, a variety with a narrow, columnar crown